Why enforced disappearances are perpetrated against groups as state policy: overlaps and interconnections between disappearances and genocide

Main Article Content

Jeremy Sarkin
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-6874
Grażyna Baranowska
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-9121

Resumo

Este artigo analisa a ligação entre comunidades e desaparecimentos. Argumenta-se que muitas vezes as vítimas de desaparecimentos pertencem a uma comunidade, particularmente a minorias ou grupos indígenas de algum tipo. O artigo defende que desaparecimentos provocados são utilizados enquanto método de opressão sistemática em muitos países, nos quais grupos de pessoas específicos são particularmente afetados. As suas identidades étnicas, culturais e/ou linguísticas, bem como as suas aspirações políticas servem como fundamento para estes grupos serem considerados como “fontes de contestação”, o que explica o porquê destes grupos serem os principais alvos dos vários Governos. Os objetivos que esses grupos tentam muitas vezes assegurar incluem: uma maior democratização, o fim da descriminação contra o grupo em causa, uma tentativa de impedir que certo recurso seja retirado ao grupo, ou outro objetivo semelhante. O artigo também defende que a perceção correta da “dimensão de grupo” dos desaparecimentos provocados irá assegurar que se poderá fazer mais para não só prevenir, como também para reagir a estes desaparecimentos. Isto é importante, já que se existe uma maior perceção de que membros de uma certa minoria estão em risco de desaparecer, estes podem ser melhor protegidos. O artigo também examina a interligação entre os desaparecimentos forçados e o genocídio. Esta análise é devida em parte porque ambos os atos têm como alvo pessoas semelhantes. Enquanto o genocídio é definido enquanto sendo perpetrado contra grupos de pessoas específicos, os desaparecimentos provocados não implicam a persecução de grupos enquanto elemento necessário do crime. No entanto, tal como o artigo sustenta, desaparecimentos provocados são muitas vezes perpetrados contra membros de grupos específicos, particularmente minorias ou grupos indígenas. O genocídio é um crime que tem inerentemente como alvo grupos, ainda que – enquanto houver intenção de destruir um grupo de pessoas, no todo ou em parte – possa consistir em matar uma única pessoa. Enquanto desaparecimentos podem e muitas vezes são efetuados numa proporção maior (podendo aí ser classificados como crimes contra a Humanidade), eles são normalmente tratados individual e casuisticamente. Esta investigação visa perceber como os desaparecimentos forçados são uma ferramenta popular para controlar e destabilizar uma população subjugada, e como estes poderão ser a estratégia de eleição para um governo que não quer ou não pode cometer o genocídio (ou crimes contra a Humanidade) contra esses grupos. O artigo sustenta que as autoridades públicas que têm como objetivo dissuadir grupos específicos dos seus objetivos, ou persegui-las por qualquer outra razão, mas que não queiram conduzir atos de genocídio contra eles, conduzem muitas vezes campanhas de desaparecimentos. Assim, em vez de eliminar o grupo, o Estado utiliza desaparecimentos como meio de intimidar e perseguir um grupo, de modo a alcançar um resultado específico. O artigo examina, na sua secção final, o que poderá ser feito para lidar com e para tentar prevenir desaparecimentos apontados especificamente a grupos. É feito um conjunto de sugestões relativamente ao que poderá ser feito para prevenir esses desaparecimentos, bem como relativamente a o que se poderá fazer para lidar com eles quando ocorrerem.

Palavras-chave: Desaparecimentos provocados, Genocídio, Conflitos étnicos e políticos

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