Sobre a integração social europeia: as pensões em particular
Main Article Content
Resumo
O artigo expõe em linhas gerais a evolução da política social enquanto elemento identitário na edificação da União Europeia, percorrendo os factos históricos determinantes para a compreensão dos avanços e recuos na integração social europeia. Discute-se até que ponto o enquadramento jurídico e político, moderado pelo contexto das últimas décadas, confere à política social dos Estados-membros uma dimensão mais europeia ou mais nacional. A política de pensões é apresentada como exemplo de medida da influência europeia num segmento particularmente importante em matéria social. A conclusão mais relevante é a de que a política social nunca esteve na primeira linha entre as finalidades da União, e por isso se tem evitado uma regulação expressa da matéria. No entanto, os mecanismos de influência indireta da União sobre as políticas sociais dos Estados-membros, baseados em parâmetros económico- financeiros, têm sido reforçados.
Downloads
Referências
Adnett, Nick, e Hardy, Stephen, 2005, The European Social Model: modernisation or evolution?, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Bislev, Sven, 1997, «European Welfare States: mechanisms of convergence and divergence», EUI Working Papers, RSC No. 97/24, European University Institute, San Domenico.
Boloni, Giuliano, George, Vic, e Taylor-Gooby, Peter, 2004, European Welfare Futures: towards a theory of retrenchment, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Carvalho, Ana Sofia, 2014, «A reforma das pensões na União Europeia», Revista Eletrónica de Direito, n.º 1, Porto, pp. 1-15.
Casalta Nabais, José, 2015, «Estabilidade Financeira e o Tratado Orçamental», Jurismat (6), pp. 43-68.
Charlton, Roger, e Mckinnon, Roddy, 2001, Pensions in development, Ashgate, United Kingdom.
Cravinho, João, 2007, «The reform of the european socio-economic model: should Europe strive to emulate the US model?», in The State and the economy: the European social and economic model in the 21st century, Nuno Boavida e Reinhard Naumann (ed.), Friedrich Ebert Stiftung; Instituto de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento, Lisboa, pp. 13-35.
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 1990, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press, Princeton/New Jersey.
European Commission, 2013, Strengthening the Social Dimension of the Economic and Monetary Union, Brussels.
Ferrera, Maurizio, 2006, «Friends, Not Foes: European Integration and National Welfare States», In Global Europe, Social Europe, eds. Anthony Giddens, Patrick Diamond, and Roger Liddle, Polity, Cambridge/Malden, pp. 257-78.
Ferrera, Maurizio, Hemerijck, Anton, e Rhodes, Martin, 2000, The future of social Europe: recasting work and welfare in the new economy, Celta, Oeiras.
Geyer, Robert R., 2000, Exploring European Social Policy, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Giddens, Anthony, 2006, «A Social Model for Europe?», in Global Europe, Social Europe, eds. Anthony Giddens, Patrick Diamond, and Roger Liddle. Polity, Cambridge/Malden, pp. 14-36.
Giddens, Anthony, 2014, Este Turbulento e Poderoso Continente: Que Futuro Para a Europa?, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa.
Grahl, John, 2009, «Financial markets and social security», in Global finance and social Europe: new directions in modern economies, John Grahl (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
Grech, Aaron George, 2015, The social sustainability of pensions in Europe, Scholar’s Press, Saarbrücken.
Hemerijck, Anton, 2009, «The self-transformation of the European Social Model», in Why we need a New Welfare State, Gøsta Esping-Andersen with Duncan Gallie et al. (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 173-213.
Hemerijck, Anton, 2012, «The Political Economy of Social Investment», in Economy and Society in Europe: A Relationship in Crisis, eds. Luigi Burroni, Maarten Keune, and Guglielmo Meardi, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton, pp. 40-60.
Hering, Martin, 2006, The politics of structural pension reform in Western Europe: Does the EU matter?, Department of Political Science – McMaster University, Paper apresentado na Fifteenth International Conference of the Council for European Studies (Chicago), disponível em: http://councilforeuropeanstudies.org/files/Papers/Hering.pdf.
Hinrichs, Karl, 2001, «Elephants on the move. Patterns of public pension reform in OECD countries», in Welfare State Futures, Stephan Leibfreied (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Holland, Stuart, 2015, Europe in Question: And What to Do about It, Spokesman, Nottingham.
Juncker, Jean-Claude, 2015, Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union, Brussels.
Keune, Maarten, 2012, «The Social Dimension of European Integration», in Economy and Society in Europe: A Relationship in Crisis, eds. Luigi Burroni, Maarten Keune, and Guglielmo Meardi, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton, pp. 19-39.
Kleinman, Mark, 2002, A European welfare state?: European Union social policy in context, Palgrave, New York.
Kvist, Jon, e Saari, Juho, 2014, «The Europeanization of social protection: domestic impacts and national responses», in The Welfare State reader, Christopher Pierson et al. (ed.), Third Edition, Polity Press, Cambridge.
McCormick, John, 2008, The European Union: politics and policies, Fourth edition, Westview Press, Boulder.
Natali, David, e Stamati, Furio, 2013, Reforming pensions in Europe: a comparative country analysis, Working paper 2013.08. Europe Trade Union Institute, Brussels.
Orenstein, Mitchell A., 2008, Privatizing pensions – transnational campaign for social security reform, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Paz Ferreira, Eduardo, 2014, Da Europa de Schuman à Não Europa de Merkel, Quetzal, Lisboa.
Reis Novais, Jorge, 2014, Em Defesa Do Tribunal Constitucional: Resposta aos Críticos, Almedina, Coimbra.
Rinaldi, David, 2016, A New Start for Social Europe, Jacques Delors Institute.
Rosanvallon, Pierre, 1984, A crise do Estado providência, Coleção Perspectivas, Inquérito, Lisboa.
Rutkowski, Michat, 2004, «Home-made pension reforms in central and eastern Europe and the evolution of the World Bank approach to modern pension systems», in Rethinking the welfare state, Martin Rein e Winfried Schmähl (ed.), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Schäfer, Armin, Leiber, Simone, 2009, The Double Voluntarism in EU Social Dialogue and Employment Policy, http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2009-009a.htm.
Supiot, Alain, 2015, «Judicial Enforcement of Social Solidarity in View of Recent European, German and French Jurisprudence», in Constitutional Sovereignty and Social Solidarity in Europe, eds. Johan van der Walt and Jeffrey Ellsworth, Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp. 109-38.
Syrpis, Phil, 2002, Legitimising European governance: taking subsidiarity seriously within the open method of coordination, Law 2002/10, EUI working papers, European University Institute, Florence.
Taylor-Gooby, Peter, e Larsen, Trine P., 2004, «New risks at the EU level: a spillover from open market policies?», in New risks, new welfare: the transformation of the European Welfare State, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Tribunal Constitucional, 2013, Acórdão n.º 187/2013, Processos n.os 2/2013, 5/2013, 8/2013 e 11/2013, publicado em Diário da República n.º 78/2013, Série I, de 2013-04-22.
Van Rompuy, Herman, 2012, Towards a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union: Report by President of the European Council, Brussels.
Vaughan-Whitehead, 2015, «The European Social Model in Times of Crisis: Na Overview», in The European Social Model in Crisis: Is Europe Losing Its Soul?, ed. Vaughan-Whitehead, Edward Elgar in association with International Labour Office, Cheltenham/Northampton, pp. 1-65.
Whyman, Philip B., Baimbridge, Mark, e Mullen, Andrew, 2012, The political economy of the European Social Model, Routledge, London and New York.
World Bank, 1994, Averting the Old Age Crisis: policies to protect the old and promote growth – a World Bank policy research report, Oxford University Press, Oxford.