Poderá Portugal tornar-se um destino turístico para o mercado chinês? – O turismo de negócios em perspetiva

Main Article Content

Vítor Rodrigues
Zélia Breda

Resumo

A política de liberalização do turismo emissor na República Popular da China, embora tardia, tem sido contínua e procura acompanhar a abertura política e económica do país ao mundo exterior. Tal estratégia permitiu, em menos de duas décadas, alcançar um crescimento exponencial do número de cidadãos chineses a viajar internacionalmente, tendo-se tornado, em 2012, no maior mercado emissor de turistas do mundo. Baseado em dados secundários, o presente artigo avalia o potencial deste país enquanto mercado emissor de fluxos turísticos para a Europa e, particularmente, para Portugal, e analisa a relevância que o turismo de negócios pode apresentar, no sentido de captar este segmento.

Palavras-chave: República Popular da China, Portugal, Turismo emissor, Turismo de negócios

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Arita, S., Edmonds, C., La Croix, S., & Mak, J. (2009). The impact of approved destination status on Chinese travel abroad: An economic analysis. Tourism Economics, 17(5), 983-996.

Arita, S., La Croix, S., & Mak, J. (2012). How big? The impact of approved destination status on Mainland Chinese travel abroad. Working Paper No. 2012-3. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Arlt, W. (2006a). China’s outbound tourism. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.

Arlt, W. (2006b, 10-12 Junho). Chinese tourists’ behaviour in “Elsewhereland”: Differences of mainland Han Chinese tourists behaviour visiting different destinations. Artigo apresentado na conferência internacional “Tourism in Asia”, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds.

Barmpoutis, A. (2004). Indigenous characteristics of the Chinese tourism in E.U countries: Distinctiveness and perspectives. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Lund, Lund.

Breda, Z. (2008). O Turismo emissor chinês: Oportunidades e desafios para Portugal. Lisboa: Edeluc.

Cai, L., Boger, C., & O’Leary, J. (1999). The Chinese travelers to Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand: A unique Chinese outbound market. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 3(2), 2-13.

Canadian Tourism Commission [CTC] (2001). Research on the Chinese outbound travel market report. Ottawa: Canadian Tourism Commission.

Carvalho, R. (2012, 20 de Março). Turismo de negócios. Diário Económico.

Chai, P. (1996, 14-16 Julho). China’s economy and tourism to Australia. Artigo apresentado na conferência internacional “International Conference on China and the Asia Pacific Economy”. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

China National Tourism Administration [CNTA] (2012). Acedido em 20 de Abril de 2013, em http://www.cnta.govcn/html/2009-5/2009-5-13-10-53-54953.html

Commission Recommendation 2004/645/EC, of 16 September 2004. Commission Recommendation On the implementation by the consular offices of the Member States of the Memorandum of Understanding between the European Community and the National Tourism Administration of the People’s Republic of China on visa and related issues concerning tourist groups from the People’s Republic of China (ADS). Official Journal of the European Union L 296/23 of 21. September 2004.

Costa, S. (2009). Meetings Industry nacional está mais competitiva. Acedido em 26 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.publituris.pt/2009/09/30/meetings-industry-nacional-esta-maiscompetitiva/

Cui, Z. (2005). Shanghai outbound tourists’ images of seven European destinations: A comparison of visitors and non visitors. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Bournemouth, Bournemouth.

Davidson, R., & Cope, B. (2003). Business travel: Conferences, incentive travel, exhibitions, corporate hospitality and corporate travel. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Davidson, Hertrich & Schwander (2004, 4-7 julho). How can Europe capture Chinese MICE? Artigo apresentado na conferência internacional “APTA Conference 2004 – Globalization and Tourism Research: East meets West”, Nagasaki.

Decima Research (2006). Consumer and travel trade research in China. Toronto: Decima Research.

Del Chiappa, G. (2012). How do meeting organizers choose convention sites based upon different types of meetings? An empirical analysis of the Italian Meeting Industry. Event Management, 16(2), 157-170.

Delgado, A. (2007). Meetings Industry: A sucessora do MICE. Acedido em 29 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.publituris.pt/2007/02/28/meeting-industry-a-sucessora-do-mice/

DinheiroVivo. (2013a). China torna-se no maior mercado emissor de turistas do mundo em 2012. Acedido em 7 de Abril de 2013, em http://www.dinheirovivo.pt/Economia/Artigo/CIECO135198.html.

DinheiroVivo. (2013b). Turismo vira-se para chineses que andam às compras em Lisboa. Acedido em 23 de Maio, em http://www.dinheirovivo.pt/Empresas/Artigo/CIECO109891.html

EIBTM & The Right Solution (2008). The mood of the market, European Meetings Industry Research Report. Surrey/ Hemel Hempstead: Exhibition for the Incentive Business Travel and Meetings/ The Right Solution Limited.

Embaixada da República Popular da China nos Estados Unidos da América (2013). Passport law of the People’s Republic of China. Acedido em 28 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.chinaembassy.org/eng/ywzn/lsyw/vpna/faq/t710009.htm

European Travel Commission [ETC] (2007). Market insights: China. Brussels: Market Intelligence Group of the European Travel Commission.

Evans, T. (2006). The Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northen China. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides.

Foster, S., Lee, C., Lin-Liu, J., Reiber, B., Tran, T., Wing-sze, L., & Winnan, C. (2012). Frommer’s China. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Global Business Travel Association [GBTA] (2012). Global Business Travel Association predicts China’s business travel spending to reach $245 billion by 2013. Acedido em 3 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.gbta.org/foundation/pressreleases/Pages/rls052112.aspx

Global Business Travel Association [GBTA] (2013). GBTA predicts business travel spending in China to increase by 15% in 2013. Acedido em 29 de Abril de 2013, em http://www.gbta.org/foundation/pressreleases/Pages/rls_041513.aspx

Gonçalves, A. (2013). Grupos chineses apostam forte no mercado nacional. Acedido em 26 de Maio de 2013, em http://economico.sapo.pt/noticias/grupos-chineses-apostam-forte-nomercado-nacional_162471.html

Grenke, J. (2006). Approved destination status: New Zealand, Australia and lessons for the Canadian immigration system. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Simon Fraser, Durnaby.

Guo, Y., Kim, S., & Timothy, D. (2007). Development characteristics and implications of mainland Chinese outbound tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12(4) 313-332.

Hanly, P. (2012). Measuring the economic contribution of the international association conference market: An Irish case study. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1574-1582.

Hu & Cai (2003). Travel Intermediaries’ Perspective of China’s Outbound Market. ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism, 2, 33-46.

Huaming, H., & Graff, R. (2005). The China outbound travel handbook 2005. Beijing/London: ChinaContact e DPS China.

Huaming, H., & Graff, R. (2008). The China outbound travel handbook 2008. Beijing/London: ChinaContact e DPS China.

International Congress and Convention Association [ICCA] (2010). Statistics report 2000-2009: International Association Meetings Market. Amsterdam: International Congress and Convention Association.

International Congress and Convention Association [ICCA] (2011). Statistics report 2010: International Association Meetings Market. Amsterdam: International Congress and Convention Association.

International Congress and Convention Association [ICCA] (2012). Statistics report 2002-2011: International Association Meetings Market. Amsterdam: International Congress and Convention Association.

Instituto Nacional de Estatística [INE] (2011). Anuário estatístico de Portugal 2010. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística.

IPSOS (2011). Exploring China’s business travel market 2011. Paris: IPSOS.

Jacobs, A. (2013). No exit: China uses passports as political cudgel. Acedido em 16 de Abril de 2013, em http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/world/asia/chinese-passports-seen-aspolitical-statement.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2&

Jang, S., Yu, L., & Pearson, T. (2003). Chinese travelers to the United States: A comparison of business travel and visiting friends and relatives. Tourism Geographies, 5(1), 87-108.

Jin, L. (2013). Turismo emissor chinês. Lisboa: Turismo de Portugal, I.P.

Joint Meetings Industry Council [JMIC] (2011). The Meetings Industry: Statement of principles and value proposition. Brussels: Joint Meetings Industry Council.

Kim, S., Chon, K., & Chung, K. (2003). Convention industry in South Korea: An economic impact analysis. Tourism Management, 24, 533-541.

Latham, K. (2011). How the rise of Chinese tourism will change the face of the European travel industry. London: Hilton Hotels & Resorts.

Leão, R. (2011). Turismo Emissor da China para Portugal. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7337

Lee, M. (2006). Analytical reflections on the economic impact assessment of conventions and special events. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism 8(3), 71-85.

Li, X., Harril, R., Uysal, M., Burnett, T., & Zhan, X. (2010). Estimating the size of the Chinese outbound travel market: A demand-side approach. Tourism Management, 31(2), 250-259.

Lim, C., & Wang, Y. (2008). China’s post-1978 experience in outbound tourism. Mathematics and Computers in simulation, 78, 450-458.

Marques, J. & dos Santos, N. (2012). A metodologia Delphi aplicada ao desenvolvimento do Turismo de Negócios e à criação de um Convention and Visitors Bureau no Centro Litoral de Portugal. Revista de Turismo & Desenvolvimento, nº 17/18, 1647-1657.

Ministério da Economia e do Emprego [MEE] (2013). Plano Estratégico Nacional do Turismo: Horizonte 2013-2015. Lisboa: Ministério da Economia e do Emprego.

Ministério da Economia e da Inovação [MEI] (2010). Plano Estratégico Nacional do Turismo: Propostas para revisão no horizonte 2015 – versão 2.0. Lisboa: Ministério da Economia e da Inovação.

Ministério da Economia e da Inovação [MEI] (2007). Plano Estratégico Nacional do Turismo. Lisboa: Ministério da Economia e da Inovação.

NBTC (2013). MarketScan China 2013. Beijing: NBTC Holland Marketing.

Oje (2013).“Visto gold” poderá atrair milhares de investidores chineses a Portugal. Acedido em 26 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.oje.pt/noticias/economia/visto-gold-podera-atrairmilhares-de-investidores-chineses-a-portugal

Pan, G., & Laws, E. (2003). Tourism development of Australia as a sustained preferred destination for Chinese tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 8(1), 37-47.

Qu, H., & Lam, S. (1997). A travel demand model for Mainland Chinese tourists to Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 18(8), 593-597.

RHTurismo (2013). Turismo de Portugal lança curso para receber turistas chineses. Acedido a 26 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.rhturismo.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19549%3Aturismo-de-portugal-lanca-curso-para-receber-turistaschineses&catid=18&Itemid=555

Rogers, T. (1998). Conferences: A twenty-first century industry. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.

Rogers, T. (2008). Conferences and conventions: A global industry (2th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Roth, S. (1998). The chinese outbound travel market: Overall situation and specific aspects of travel to Europe. Austrian National Tourist Office Vienna and by European Travel Commission.

Schulz-Montag, B., Theis, B., Mahn, J., Rudolph, M., Habig, M., Bruns, J., & Brollowski, K. (2012). New Chinese tourists in Europe from 2017. Hanover: TUI AG e Z_punkt GmbH.

Serafim, A. (2012). E se os Charters de chineses vierem mesmo?. Acedido em 7 de Abril de 2013, em http://sol.sapo.pt/inicio/Economia/Interior.aspx?content_id=53803

Silva, A. (2012). Cada vez que fazem compras, os turistas chineses gastam em médias 560 euros em Portugal. Acedido em 27 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.publico.pt/economia/noticia/cada-vez-que-fazem-compras-os-turistas-chineses-gastam-em-media-560-euros-emportugal-1555905

Sparks, B., & Pan, G. (2009). Chinese Outbound tourists: Understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management, 30(4), 483-494.

Sun, Y. (2012). O papel do turismo nas relações Europa-China em tempos de crise: Uma análise a partir das políticas Europeias. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa.

TFWA & AC Nielsen (2005). Chinese consumers as travel retail customers. Paris : Tax Free World Association-AC Nielsen.

TFWA & AC Nielsen (2007). Project Great Wall III: Chinese outbound travellers’ travel retail behaviour. Paris: Tax Free World Association-AC Nielsen.

Travelio (2010). TAP and AIR China to begin code-share operations. Acedido em 27 de Maio de 2013, em http://www.travelio.net/tap-and-air-china-to-begin-code-share-operations.html

Turismo de Portugal (2010). Portugal mais próximo de turistas chineses com novo portal em língua chinesa na internet. Lisboa: Turismo de Portugal, I.P.

Turismo de Portugal (2012). Ficha de Mercado: China. Lisboa: Turismo de Portugal, I.P.

UNWTO (2003). Chinese outbound tourism. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.

UNWTO (2006). Measuring the economic importance of the Meetings Industry: Developing a Tourism Satellite Account Extension. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.

UNWTO (2008). The Chinese outbound travel market: With special insight into the image of Europe as adestination. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.

UNWTO (2011). Yearbook of Tourism Statistics: Data 2005-2009. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.

UNWTO (2012a). International tourism receipts surpass US$ 1 trillion in 2011. Acedido em 23 de Abril de 2013, em http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-05-07/internationaltourism-receipts-surpass-us-1-trillion-2011

UNWTO (2012b). Yearbook of Tourism Statistics - Data 2006-2010. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.

UNWTO (2013a). China: The new number one tourism source market in the world. Acedido em 23 de Abril de 2013, em http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2013-04-04/chinanew-number-one-tourism-source-market-world

UNWTO (2013b). International tourism to continue robust growth in 2013. Acedido em 23 de Abril de 2013, em http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2013-01-28/internationaltourism-continue-robust-growth-2013

Uren, J. (2009). The Chinese outbound travel market. Acedido em 20 de Abril de 2013, em http://www.insights.org.uk/articleitem.aspx?title=The+Chinese+Outbound+Travel+Market%3A+Parts+2+and+3#Europe’s main competitors: Australia and the United States

Verhelst, V. (2003). Study of the outbound tourism industry of the People’s Republic of China: The Probability of a bilateral ADS agreement between the PRC and the Schengen area. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Católica de Lovaina, Lovaina.

Weber, K., & Chon, K. (2002). Convention tourism: International research and industry perspectives. Binghamton: Harworth Press.

Wei, S. (1995). The open door policy and China’s rapid growth: Evidence from city-level data. In T. Ito & A. O. Krueger (Eds.), Growth theories in light of the East Asian experience (Vol. 4, pp. 73-104). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

World Bank (2013). Indicators: Data. Acedido em 10 de Abril de 2013, em http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

Zhang, H. & Heung, V. (2001). The emergence of the mainland Chinese outbound travel market and its implications for tourism marketing. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(1), 7-12.

Zhang, H., Heung, V., & Yan, Y. (2009). Play or not to play: An analysis of the mechanism of the zero-commission Chinese outbound tours through a game theory approach. Tourism Management, 30(3), 366-371.

Zhang, H., & Lam, T. (1999). An analysis of Mainland Chinese visitors’ motivations to visit Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 20(5), 587-594.

Zhang, W. (2009). The motivations, constraints and decision-making of Beijing outbound tourists. Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade de Waikato, Hamilton.