Occupational hazards during retouching practice
Main Article Content
Abstract
Conservators may be exposed to a variety of potentially harmful materials. The dangers to conservation professionals are numerous and, therefore, it is important to identify the hazardous materials and the “bad practices”. Despite of most professionals being sensitized for the safety aspects associated with cleaning solvents, adhesives, protective varnishes, the pigments and paints are usually neglected, although involving risk to health professionals. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the occupational hazards inherent to the materials and techniques used in the retouching practice.
Downloads
References
- 3M. 2013. Catálogo On-line 3M Máscaras Autofiltrantes para Partículas. [consulta:22.11.2013]. http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/pt_PT/OccupationalSafety/Home/Pro-ducts_and_Services/Online_Product_Catalogue/?PC_Z7_RJH9U5230GE3E02LECIE208C10000000_nid=GS1PGW9481beCF972JZ4P9gl
ALDRIDGE, Tim. Restoring Oil Paintings. A practical guide. Londres: Bishopsgate Press; Portland OR: Exclusively distributed by ISBS, Inc,1984.
AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY. «Learn about cancer. Lead: what is lead?». In AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY. 2012 [consulta: 03.03.2012]. http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/OtherCarcinogens/AtHome/lead.
AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS - Appendix A: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment (1997). In Intended Changes Industrial Ventilation. A Manual of Recommended Pratice. 23, 1998. pp.12-3, 12-4 [consulta:26.11.2013]. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/001/acgih.manual.1998.pdf.
BABIN, Angela. Pastel Hazards. Art Hazard News, 12 (10). 1989 [consulta:02.03.2012]. http://www.chicagoartistsresource.org/node/9255.
BÁRBARA, Ana Santa.2000. Os equipamentos de protecção individual. In: II Encontro Nacional: A conservação e o Restauro do Património. Riscos, Prevenção, Segurança, Ética, Lei. Lisboa: Associação Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal, pp. 67 – 71.
BORGIOLI, Leonardo. Disolventes de baja toxicidad. Madrid: C.T.S. España, 2007, pp. 1- 7.
BRAUN, SR; TSIATIS, A. Pulmonary abnormalities in art glassblowers. Journal of occupational medicine official publication of the Industrial Medical Association.21(7), (1979), pp.487-489.
CANUTO, Danielle Bueno; COSTA, Denise Unis da; SILVA, Lolita Dopico da – Trabalhador de enfermagem alérgico à luva de látex: um estudo sobre outras opções. Revista Enfermagem UERJ, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 15 (1) 2007, p. 126. [consulta:03.03.2012]. http://www.facenf.uerj.br/v15n1/v15n1a20.pdf.
CARLYLE, Leslie; BOURDEAU, James. Varnishes-Authenticity & Permanence, A Workshop Handbook. Ottawa: Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI), 1994.
CHEN, Ruoling; DICK, Finlay; SEATON, Anthony. Health effects of solvent exposure among dockyard painters: mortality and neuropsychological symptoms. Occupational and environmental medicine, 56(6), 1999, pp.383-387. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.6.383
CHURCH, A. H. The chemistry of paints and painting. 4rd ed. London: Seely, Service and Co, 1915, pp. 290-298.
COSTA, Max; KLEIN, Catherine B. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. Critical reviews in toxicology, 36(2), 2006, pp.155-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440500534032
CRUZ, António João – O risco da arte. A toxicidade dos materiais utilizados na execução e conservação das pinturas de cavalete. II Encontro Nacional: A conservação e o Restauro do Património. Riscos, Prevenção, Segurança, Ética, Lei. Lisboa: Associação Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal, 2000, pp. 27-41.
Diário da República, 1.ª Série – N.º 06/01, de 05 de Maio.
Diário da República, 1.ª Série – N.º 136 – 17 de Julho de 2007.
Diário da República, 1.ª Série – N.º 164/01, de 23 de Maio.
Diário da República, 1.ª Série – N.º 290/2001 de 16 de Novembro.
Diário da República, 1.ª Série – N.º 76/2007, de 17 de Julho.
DOERNER, Max. The Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Paintings. 3.ª ed. E.U.A: Harvest Edition,1984.
ELLER, N.; NETTERSTRØM, B.; LAURSEN, P. Risk of chronic effects on the central nervous system at low toluene exposure. Occupational medicine Oxford England, 49(6), (1999), pp.389-395. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/49.6.389
EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY (2012). Low-dose-response in toxicology and risk assessment. In EFSA Scientific Colloquium. Summary Report. Italy: European Food Safety Authority. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-353
FINGERCOTS. 2013. Nitrile Powder Free Gloves. [consulta:25.11.2013]. http://www.fingercots.net/Nitrile_Powder_Free_Gloves.php.
FISHBEIN, A., et al., 1982. Lead poisoning in an art conservator. JAMA the Journal of the American Medical Association, 247(14), pp.2007-2009. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03320390069049
FONSECA, António. A prevenção de riscos profissionais. II Encontro Nacional: A conservação e o Restauro do Património. Riscos, Prevenção, Segurança, Ética, Lei. Lisboa: Associação Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal, 2000, pp. 53 – 56.
FRANCO, Giuliano; FRANCO, Francesca. 2001. Bernardino Ramazzini: The Father of Occupational Medicine. American Journal of Public Health, 91(9), p. 1382. [consulta:03.03.2012]. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.9.1382
GETTENS, Rutherford John; STOUT, George Leslie. Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia. Nova Iorque: Courier Dover Publications, 1966.
GOTTSEGEN, Mark David. The Painter Handbook. Revised and expanded. Nova Iorque: Watson-Guptill Publications, 2006.
INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER. (IARC). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Carbon Black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc, Vol.93, (2010), pp.272. [consulta:04.03.2012]. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol93/mono93-7E.pdf.
KEIJZER, Matthijs. The history of modern synthetic inorganic and organic artists pigments. In: MOSK, Jaap A.; TENNENT, Norman H. – Contributions to Conservation. Research in Conservation at the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN). Londres: James & James, 2002, pp. 42-54.
KILLGERM. 2013. Catálogo On-line Máscaras, Filtros y Gafas. [consulta:22.11.2013]. http://www.killgerm.com/es/product-group.php?group=915
KREMER PIGMENTE. 2005. Material Safety Data Sheet:Tinuvin®292. [consulta:03.03.2012]. http://www.kremerpigments.com/shopus/PublishedFiles/78152MSDS.pdf.
KREMER PIGMENTE. 2011. Kremer Retouching Colors. [consulta:10.03.2012]. http://kremerpigments.com/shopus/index.php?lang=ENG&list=0900.
LINZ, D.H., et al.. 1986. Organic solvent-induced encephalopathy in industrial painters. Journal of occupational medicine official publication of the Industrial Medical Association, 28(2), pp.119-125. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3950785/
MACEDO, R. 2006. Manual de higiene do trabalho na indústria. 3ª Edição. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
MASSCHELEIN-KLEINER, L. 1981. Les solvants. Bruxelles: Institut Royal Du Patrimoine Artistique.
MAYER, Ralph. 2006. Manual do Artista de Técnicas e Materiais. São Paulo: Livraria Martins Fontes Editora.
McCANN, Michael; BABIN, Ângela. 2008. Health Hazards Manual for Artists. USA: The Lyons Press.
MILLER, B.A., et al. 1986. Cancer risk among artistic painters. American journal of industrial medicine, 9(3), pp.281-287.
MOTTA, E., Junior – La utilización del sistema colorimétrico CIEL*a*b* en la evaluación de los barnices y sistemas de barnizado empleados en la restauración de pinturas: con referencia adicional al brillo, solubilidad y apariencia.Valência: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, I vol., 2004. Tese de doutoramento.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH. 2013. Chemical Sampling Information (CSI). [con-sulta:24.11.2013]. https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/toc/toc_chemsamp.html.
PAULUS, J.; KNUUTINEN, U. (2004) – “Cadmium colours: composition and properties”. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing. Vol. 79, N.º 2, pp. 397 – 400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-004-2646-6
PODSIKI, Cheryl. 2008. Chart of Heavy Metals, their salts and other compounds. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. [consulta:24.11.2013]. http://www.conservation-us.org/docs/default-source/resource-center/chart-of-heavy-metals-their-salts-and-other-compounds-nbsp-.pdf?sfvrsn=0.
SACRISTÁN CUADRÓN, Rocío. 2004. Toxicología de los materiales pictóricos. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Bellas Artes, Departamento de Pintura (Pintura y Restauración). Tese de doutoramento.
SANTOS, António Pereira dos; DIAS, Margarida. 2000. Doenças de pele causadas pelo trabalho de conservação e restauro. II Encontro Nacional: A conservação e o Restauro do Património. Riscos, Prevenção, Segurança, Ética, Lei. Lisboa: Associação Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal, pp.19-21.
SANTOS, Sónia Barros dos; CRUZ, António João. 2009. Traditional and modern blue pigments in Portuguese 19th century technical literature. In Andrea Macchia, Ernesto Borrelli, Luigi Campanella (org.), YOCOCU 2008. Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Proceedings. Rome: Italian Association of Conservation Scientists - Italian Society of Chemistry, pp. 44-50.
SANTOS, Sónia Barros dos; CRUZ, António João. 2009a. O desenvolvimento da ciência e da técnica no séc. XIX e os pigmentos amarelos usados em pintura em Portugal segundo a literatura técnica”, in Livro de Anais. Scientiarum Historia II. Encontro Luso-Brasileiro de História das Ciências. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pp. 385-391.
SANTOS, Sónia Barros dos; CRUZ, António João. 2011. Green pigments: tradition and modernity in painting according to Portuguese 19th century technical literature. In A. Macchia, E. Greco, B. A. Chiarandà, N. Barbabietola (ed.), YOCOCU. Contribute and Role of Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Rome: Italian Association of Conservation Scientist, pp. 307-318.
SECURITY@WORK. 2013. Arbeitshandschuhe / Schutzhandschuhe. [consulta:22.11.2013]. http://www.saw-arbeitsschutz.de/arbeitshandschuhe/index.php.
SHIH, RICHARD D. et al. 1997. Artists and Artisan. In GREENBERG, Michael I.; HAMILTON, Richard J.; PHILLIPS, Scott D. - Occupational, industrial, and environmental toxicology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997, Cap. II, pp. 8.
SMITH, Ray. 2003. Manual prático do artista. Porto: Editora Civilização.
VERBAND DER CHEMISCHEN INDUSTRIE e.V. 1995. Safe Handling of Pigments (Copyright ©: ETAD,VdMi, EPSOM, BCMA). [consulta:27.11.2013]. http://vdmi.de/index.php?article_id=31&clang=0.
WEHLTE, K. 1967. The materials and techniques of painting. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhol.
ZUSKIN, Eugenija, et al. 2007. Occupational health hazards of artists. Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica ADC Hrvatsko dermatolosko drustvo, 15 (3), pp.167-177.